The Illegitimate Sovereign
Tired of this Wolff guy, but I can't diss Hall so easy. It's microhistory. His specific date of 2400 BCE is too neat and sharp and unsupported. What IS supported is the macrohistorical pattern: private creditors and public issuers have been in structural tension since the earliest recorded economies. JC is in the Temple. 2400 BCE is an interpretive claim, a rhetorical flourish instead of a documented event. Even so, the presence of private bankers and credit systems are documented. So is the struggle between moneylenders and public currency-issuers all the way back into the Bronze Age. Call the former "private credit actors". The Bronze Age is called the Archaic Age. Fast forward past 1200 BCE, the start of the Iron Age, to the Classical period (5th–4th century BCE), when private bankers were financing commercial ventures, managing risk, and lending capital. Archaeology suggests similar market structures existed centuries earlier in the Aegean Bronze Age. This matches...